Educational function of the relationship between generalization and Medical Education

 Chongqing University of Medical Education to participate in seminars, more than 100 units to participate in clinical education, medical education and I have some thoughts about the relationship between generalization and speak, here is the speech. A meeting place early in the morning sunshine, the education sector an old friend together, especially the talented, creative partnership common friends in the industry together, very pleased. Here are my thoughts and views
a speech, education and medical education What is the origin of
education? this question may seem at first glance very simple, but it is difficult to clearly defined., Chinese and foreign educators, thinkers, and some people have their own view: Confucius, Lu Xun's view that is the self-capacity development, which embodies the will and social equality and freedom of education and the educated to carefully explore the mechanism of the common seriously, not Butterfly song intended to meet the young Huo against their subordination. educational content with the broad and narrow sense. General education refers to the destination of all who have physical and mental development of social practice. narrow sense refers to school education, primary education, that educators According to certain social demands and the development pattern of the educated, purposeful, planned, organized influence of the educated mind, expect the expected changes in the activities of the educated place.
in the country, music also; have the education excellence in the world, three of fun. .
in the West, the word education comes from the Latin educare. the original meaning of the out. Etymologically speaking, the Western lead out of the development of the state to become a reality.
of medical education, medical education (medical education) is a purpose according to the needs of society in a planned and organized to train medical and health personnel education. General many medical schools in a university level education. a long history of medical education. human struggle with the disease process of establishing a medical, to the long-term accumulated medical experience to the next generation, have given rise to medical education. At first is with the only form of division, with the amount of knowledge expansion and increased requirements for medical personnel, school forms of medical education have come into being. China as early as 443 AD, Liu Song Dynasty had been established in the official medical education institutions; AD 9th century, famous for Italian Sa Lienuo start medical school. a doctor to medical education is a lifelong process, can be divided into three stages: basic medical education, that is, medical schools, students in schools receiving the basic education ; graduate education, medical students after graduating from medical schools, learned in the basic knowledge and skills, based on the received specialized training so that the knowledge and skills of a professional orientation toward deepening; continuing medical education, After completion of graduate education in the future, in order to keep pace with the development of medical science, continue to acquire new knowledge, new technologies and lifelong process. the nature of these three different stages of education should be closely converge to form a continuum of medical education process. < br> Second, the educational function of the characteristic features refers
education and functions of the effectiveness of educational activities, is The basic function. educational function of certainty, level, realistic, Shen Yan of the characteristics. Queding Xing reflected in the educational function of the main educational activities and time and space limited. education, structure and activities of the subject of education has a rich level, thus the inherent educational function also determines the hierarchy. educational function of the reality reflected in the educational function of a temporal nature, can be divided into good, possible and realistic, and the history of the various functions. educational function to train people general understanding of
since the last century, 80 years, gradually formed in our education, It put it everywhere, .
that the educational function of generalization will lead to educational functions are affected in the following three areas:
educational function of the first function of the generalization result in lost educational practice. The function of education expectations, potential and reality of three forms. comprehensive perspective the function of education should also reveal the contents of these three forms, and link them with each other to study the mutual transformation of relations. The educational function of generalization and expectations focused on two aspects of the potential and the reality they are simply functional equivalent, resulting in throwing On the reality and the potential when the reality to ideal to expand the educational function of the breadth and intensity, resulting in more education, energy, universal tendency.
followed by the generalization of education in educational function of the overall function of the damage. the function of education can be divided into two aspects; one hand, the overall educational features, including two types of social functions and personal functions, social functions and further broken down into political, economic, cultural, technological, ecological, and many other national defense; functional decomposition for the enjoyment of personal consumption, social individualization and other projects. On the other hand, the function of the local field of education, the research has been divided. educational function of generalization led to only focus on sex education in the various branches of the research function of the content itself, while ignoring the correlation between the various branches of and intervention, leading to damage the overall function of education.
educational function again, the basic function of the generalization result in lost education. the essence of education, the basic function is to educate people, development of human intelligence, cultivate people's ability to influence people's thought and action, and by educating people to act on the social environment. The educational function of the educational function of education generalization generalization confused as the function of educated people, the educated people are engaged in production, cultural, political and other The role of activity are the property of the function of education, negating the need for independent existence of education and lost the essence of education, the basic function of education lost.
three features of medical education needs an appropriate generalization
But medical Thinking on the generalization of their needs and the special nature of medical education and uncertainty of the decision, we must moderate the generalization of medical education. The reason is as follows:
(a) the diversification of medical diagnostic thinking, medical education need to function appropriate generalization
the general process of clinical diagnostic thinking is a from the emotional to the rational, from theory to practice cycle. through each loop, so that our understanding of the disease further, and finally understand the disease. doctors by patient history taking, physical examination and necessary laboratory tests, first-hand information obtained through analysis, synthesis, analogy, judging, reasoning and other thinking activities, to the nature of the disease, rational, abstract judgments, obtained for the disease diagnosis of rational knowledge, and then take the appropriate treatment based on the diagnostic measures, observe the course of development and the effects of treatment, in turn, validate the original diagnosis, and further affirm or modify or even deny the original diagnosis. in the diagnosis of a disease process, such as fever The doctor must know all aspects and angles to the pathogenesis of possible reasons, to collect a variety of clinical symptoms of fever, presumably to expand as much as possible the types of diseases, this time to need our medical staff have divergent thinking, a very inference power of a large space, how can we cultivate a correct clinical diagnosis of medical staff thought it? only the most basic medical education from the beginning stages of medical education in the cultivation of sustained divergent, radiant thinking, instilling the concept of generalization, to gradually develop generalization of the clinical thinking of medical personnel.
(b) the evolution of the medical model, you need to function properly generalized
medical education medical model, is its own form of medical and pharmaceutical activities of human behavior. Due to medical, including awareness and practical aspects, so the medical model, including medical cognitive model (medical model) and medical behavior (medical pattern). The former refers to a certain historical period, their understanding of the medical people that the medical epistemology; the latter refers to a certain historical medical practice during the people's behavior pattern, that is, medical methodology.
?? the medical model of medical practice is that people of abstraction, so different people will present a different concept of the medical model.? beyond the traditional biomedical model medical model, it launched a wide range of expression: bio-psycho-social medical model, environmental medical model, the whole medical model, multiple medical model, medical model, the corresponding size of the universe, holographic space-time system, such as the medical model. This is for the students involved in study and practice the generalization of the concept, which includes not only the modern medical model, but also ideal future medical model.?
specific to the people reviewed biomedical model line defects, a more rational mm biopsychosocial medical model medical model (biopsychosocial model of medicine) realized beyond the biomedical model. Now many people too busy thinking to the Few people in the bio-psycho-social medical model had suspected the existence of defects.
?? bio-psycho-social medical model proposed is based on the concept of the human spectrum of disease and health based on the changes. This mode that cause human the disease is not only biological factors but also social factors and psychological factors, which in addition to the traditional biological treatment methods, it also should include methods of social science methods and psychology. is not difficult to find that it is still pursued by traditional Western medicine is a complex, highly ordered state of the nonlinear co. the nature and purpose of medicine is to maintain or to promote or restore optimal coordination of our human state or state of optimal health. the human body in a certain degree of coordination exists within the state; disease is lower than the existing state of synergy degree. people as a large ecosystem of a subsystem is bound to have relations with other systems, and this harmony is to determine whether the relationship of health and disease markers. said: adaptation learning factors, such as: natural factors, social, psychological, physical, time and other relevant factors. For this reason, the introduction of modern physics, relativity r l four-dimensional space concept, the four-dimensional space medicine model. Space Systems medical model disease phenomenon, pointed out that ; medical model mode. the medical model of evolution is the continuous generalization of the concept, with the corresponding medical education also need the appropriate generalization.
(c) the complexity of the medical object, medical education need to function properly generalization < br> object is a clinical knowledge of a specific person. people have biological and social characteristics of the dual. In biological terms, the human body itself is the world's most complex organic whole, and also a very complex human diseases diverse, with differences between individuals, making the pathological changes, ever-changing clinical manifestations. In social terms, people are thinking, behavioral, with a thinking activity, in many cases, consciously or unconsciously, to participate in clinical thinking activity, which the history and clinical symptoms of the objective content to the patient's subjective factors. In view of the complexity of medical services, the dual object, especially social, on the overall quality of medical personnel to a higher level of demand, requiring medical personnel not only Medical expertise is better learned, but also in sociology, psychology, ethics, and must have studied under some of the known. how to cultivate the overall quality of medical personnel? This made for a more comprehensive medical education needs to need to integrate medical education system in the sociology of knowledge, we need to generalize the content of medical education system, training of medical personnel compound.
guidance on the adequacy of scientific fact, medical decision-making has never been interrupted the debate, but no doctor suspects , found in clinical practice and understanding of fact-based research is important. But since 1991, The experimental results are the reasons? evaluate a new treatment of the most simple way is to give a new treatment for patients with a group of previously received another therapy compared with patients. In general, this study was to compare continuously from the same hospital two groups of patients. However, this approach has serious flaws. because of retrospective and prospective studies of mixed groups, so that we can not successfully eliminated the bias this may cause. bias not by the treatment of these method, but from the other changes over time caused by the factors.
(d) the diversity of medical treatment methods, you need the appropriate generalization
medical education with the social function of the rapid progress , medical technology, materials technology constantly updated, for the treatment of a disease are constantly changing, constantly improving, and constantly improve. such as the surgical treatment of gallbladder stones, removed from the initial to the present simple abdominal laparoscopic three holes to hole laparoscopic resection, treatment methods continue to improve, more and more rich, more diversity. medical personnel must always be followed by way of medical knowledge and advances in treatment, which requires diligent specializes in training medical personnel in the spirit of continuous Update to expand knowledge, medical education requires an appropriate generalization capabilities to respond to the trend of rapid development of medical science.
the development of Chinese medicine, with different theoretical contention and discussion among the academic, medical advances in the Song period the great emphasis on Confucianism, particularly its . Therefore, the physicians in the Jin Dynasty creed not be confused with clinical practice pointed out: the question that must be combined with the reality to enhance the development of medical treatment effect. In such circumstances, the emergence of the four famous doctors. Liu End Su (1120m1200) promote Doctrine, stressed: who carry fresh this disease, to send representatives to take. Li Dongyuan (1180m1251), to promote protection and recovery. After the Buddha of the earth to send a representative to fill. Zhu Danxi (1281m1358), his promotion of traditional Chinese medicine theory: also has a great influence, Japan was established in the fifteenth century, medical practice medical practice a way of thinking required
transposition thinking. should try from different angles, different positions, different groups and so on to find out. view of the special, often determines the level of creativity. which reverse thinking is one special case. you might find the problem and to innovation and improvement. seeking the same divergent. scientists like to divergent, and physicians prefer to seek the same, from the ever-changing things to find out the complexity and nature of common diseases, which can better understanding of the disease differ. different, the entry may be thinking, is the clue to further break down its opinions on the possible characteristics of things, discover the laws. decomposition and integration. to ask questions are often more important than solving the problem, because the key of the problem is often that you have realized a breakthrough in solving the problem. unconventional thinking. to simplify the problem, or expansion. art. the extraordinary thing to give more humble artistic or social significance of doing nuanced, interesting or beautiful meaningful. contact, that is, brainstorming, is a divergent thinking. to put a lot of things not related to a through screening analysis, inspiring ideas, for inspiration. needs China. as long as the demand, are worth serious consideration. Transplantation thinking . is also a method of divergent thinking, the idea is to methods used in other areas of your areas of focus, or expand their thinking to other areas, that is interdisciplinary, cross-sectional or even rise to the philosophical discipline level, thinking also active. image thinking. with a graphical representation of a variety of means, to the analogy with the image of the establishment of certain symbols, logical operations, it can be very intuitive understanding of a problem, find contradictions. attention to contradictions. made possible the difficulties kinds of ideas, to analyze one by one eliminated. mathematical. try to build mathematical models to quantify, and standardization. proposed a variety of quantitative models. predict the future. Today, iPhone, iPOD, tomorrow may be i100, the day after tomorrow there may be medical iALL. attention to the latest the latest technology and ideas. new technology is actually the creative ideas the best growing point, we must acutely grasp the latest information and learn cutting-edge developments. logical deduction, Philosophy. summarized the results, learn dialectical, system, dynamic analysis of the problem, system elements from different levels of analysis to study its structural characteristics and information control mechanisms. also available from the research object from here to promote the use of, or even rise to a higher level or philosophical level.
generalization of thinking in this regard, Chongqing University of Medical HIFU knife in creative thinking, Professor Wang Zhibiao first thought the termination of early pregnancy by ultrasound. In the world's first proposed the Wang Zhibiao think, focused ultrasound can kill fertilized eggs, we will be able to kill cancer cells. decided to HIFU for chronic system uses ultrasonic penetration, direction, focus and good characteristics of the emitted low-energy ultrasound in vitro focus on the tumor site, via the thermal effect of ultrasound, cavitation effects, mechanical effects, sound effects, etc. to the target area of chemical instantaneous temperature reached 65 ℃ ~ 100 ℃, produce coagulation necrosis of tumor tissue. The mode of action of sunlight focused through a magnifying glass placed in the focus caused after the burning of paper at the principle is similar. its success lies in the transformation of ultrasound as a diagnostic application of hand jump in the treatment of cross-domain. is generalization thinking, creative thinking
four representative examples, how modest of medical education with the social science generalization
progress and development to accelerate the pace of medical education with the implementation strategy is also The changes, the challenges facing the development of medical education and changes the scope of medical education should be appropriately generalized, focus on strengthening the following areas:
1, respond to medical pattern, expanding the content of education contend
question is an effective means of scientific development . Only those who can be good at speculative And your doubt and confusion, confusion obscure, when the need to argue, debate, or the line of various languages, or to the writing, is that contention. modern medicine with the spectrum of disease, death spectrum changes, the formation of new health ideas, from traditional biomedical model to the modern bio-psycho-social medical model changes. The shift to the new demands of medical education, health care workers need to have a new medical model for the structure and intellectual structure of knowledge.
old saying: the Dawu, is a small little doubt realize, do not doubt you come to their senses. to a new realm of understanding. even Yikongzhijian, corner of may, as long as the holders of the grounds, is justified, but also the generalization of the academic point of view of the collision, the integration of academic and academic information of the environment. for the medical practice of education, to multi- challenged to look upon the problem, ask a few why there are no data relative to support asking to respect, learn and absorb the wisdom and achievements of their predecessors, but their words do not completely shackled hand and foot, to more torture: book on described can achieve seamless, people fully convinced of it? there are other answers to this question it? This is the most scientific, advanced and perfect it? no easier than it did, the economy, and efficient? methods currently, there are What are the obvious drawbacks? the whole operation process, there are areas which need improvement channel? teacher that is the truth? there is no oversight, mistake, unreasonable? my present work has been done a perfect job yet? where to begin to improve can do a better job? allow patients more satisfied? must break the shackles of tradition, from the Jing Diwa state of liberation, plug in the imagination, thinking wings and fly into the sky, the vast medical examination. to develop their own divergent lot thinking, the courage to give an anti-Ten, anti-hundred to think, to diligently explore and discover the similarities and differences between things, and should be good at two seemingly unrelated or even irrelevant to their common factors found in points or related point.
do this, you need to strengthen preventive medicine and community medicine, education, and the need to increase human and social sciences courses such as psychology, social medicine, medical ethics, medical sociology, etc.; take appropriate measures to make early contact with clinical medical students, early contact with the community, broaden medical students on the diseases of social observation, to improve understanding of patients and the ability to prevent and cure diseases, and enhance the ability to do the work of social care.
2, culture based human capacity, strengthening intellectual education
speculative intelligence to enhance medical students to improve their independent thinking, independent and self-learning ability. could appropriately reduce the required courses, elective courses and seminars to increase; compression classroom hours, increased self- time and extra-curricular activities; change Guanshu teaching methods, mobilize the enthusiasm of both teachers and students, the implementation of heuristic teaching;
said characteristics, structure, mechanism of scientific method. black box method and function of the overall study pays attention to things and systems, to facilitate dissection in intact state and state have different properties and functions of the senior complex system. It is based on the input (cause) and output (results ) the establishment of black-box model (data or frame model) for analysis, forecasting. simplify the generalization to study large-scale, complex structure, a myriad of factors in the system, such as ecological, economic, social and brain. > on the Western, because there is a foundation of science, the doctor can observe the organs inside the body of substantial change. For example, adrenaline can explore the role of bronchial smooth muscle relaxation, digitalis on myocardial contractility enhancing effect of such problems. But generalization of the results of thinking is based on the ancient self-study and group discussion will be generalized black-box problem; help students make full use of library materials and audio-visual materials for learning speculation, access to understand the disease, the results of analysis of the disease.
3, enhance the concept of lifelong learning, foster self-learning ability:
only a few years of education institutions, and medical education requires practitioners to keep on learning, innovative ideas, and constantly update their knowledge. So take basic medical education, graduate education and continuing medical education combine to improve the quality of undergraduate school education the same time, strengthen professional training for residents of institutionalization and standardization of work, so that a medical graduate education after graduation, students must receive a formal medical education system; In addition, a wide range of the continuing education so that health professionals continue to develop intelligent, update their knowledge, because he was teaching? how to use the teaching method is more conducive to mobilize the enthusiasm of the students, to promote their medical skills to absorb and progress? how to develop their creativity? Have active thinking, comprehensive thinking carefully some of the problems. things can not be confined to books, textbooks, and SOP documents things are standardized, the popular program. must be thinking, generalization can be nuanced, omnipotent to the sea in the medical practice swim faster, swim away The.